papers on diabetes is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection hosts in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the papers on diabetes is universally compatible with any Abstract This capstone paper integrates the current clinical problem of diabetes type I and II in the hospitalized adult and youth patients with the associated QSEN nursing competency of patient centered care by addressing and exploring the following question: Among patients with Diabetes, how does diabetes self-management education programs (DSME) compared with no diabetes self Mar 10, · Introduction. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is probably one of the oldest diseases known to man. It was first reported in Egyptian manuscript about years ago.1 In , the distinction between type 1 and type 2 DM was clearly made.2 Type 2 DM was first described as a component of metabolic syndrome in Type 2 DM (formerly known as non-insulin dependent DM) is the most common Cited by:
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Type 2 diabetes mellitus DM is a chronic metabolic disorder in which prevalence has been increasing steadily all over the world. As a result of this trend, it is fast becoming an epidemic in some countries of the world with the number of people affected expected to double in the next decade due to increase in ageing population, thereby adding to the already existing burden for healthcare providers, especially in poorly developed countries.
This review is based on a search of Medline, papers on diabetes, the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, and citation lists of relevant publications. Subject heading and key words used include type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis, and current treatment.
Only articles in English were included. Screening and diagnosis is still based on World Health Organization WHO and American Diabetes Association ADA criteria which include both clinical and laboratory parameters. No cure has yet been found for the disease; however, treatment modalities include lifestyle modifications, treatment of obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, papers on diabetes, and insulin sensitizers like metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance, papers on diabetes, is still the recommended first line medication especially for obese patients, papers on diabetes.
Other effective medications include non-sulfonylurea secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and insulin, papers on diabetes. Recent papers on diabetes into the pathophysiology of type 2 DM has led to the introduction of new medications like glucagon-like peptide 1 analogoues: dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, insulin-releasing glucokinase activators and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose papers on diabetes and quick-release bromocriptine.
Inhaled insulin was licensed for use in but has been withdrawn from the market because of low patronage. Diabetes mellitus DM is probably one of the oldest diseases known to man. It was first reported in Egyptian manuscript about years ago. People living with type 2 DM are more vulnerable to various forms of both short- and papers on diabetes complications, which often lead to their premature death. This tendency of increased morbidity and mortality is seen in patients with type 2 DM because of the commonness of this type of DM, papers on diabetes, its insidious onset and late recognition, especially in resource-poor developing countries like Africa.
It is estimated that million people had DM in ; by this would have risen to million. DM caused 4. Literature search has shown that there are few data available on the prevalence of type 2 DM in Africa as a whole. Studies examining data trends within Africa point to evidence of a dramatic increase in prevalence in both rural and urban setting, papers on diabetes, and affecting both gender equally. It is predicted that the prevalence of DM in adults of which type 2 DM is becoming prominent will increase in the next two decades and much of the increase will occur in developing countries where the majority of patients are aged between 45 and 64 years.
Type 2 DM is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics. These are physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, cigarette smoking and generous consumption of alcohol. A weak positive correlation has been found between the concentration in the urine of bisphenol A, a constituent of some plastics, and the incidence of type 2 DM.
There is a strong inheritable genetic connection in type 2 DM, having relatives especially first degree with type 2 Papers on diabetes increases the risks of developing type 2 DM substantially, papers on diabetes.
KCNJ11 potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11encodes the islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel Kir6. These include obesity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol combined hyperlipidemiaand with the condition often termed metabolic syndrome it is also known as Syndrome X, Reaven's syndrome. Type 2 DM is characterized by insulin insensitivity as a result of insulin resistance, declining insulin production, and eventual pancreatic beta-cell failure.
There is an increase in the breakdown of fat with hyperglycemia. The involvement of impaired alpha-cell function has recently been recognized in the pathophysiology of type 2 DM. As a result papers on diabetes this dysfunction, glucagon and hepatic glucose levels that rise during fasting are not suppressed with a meal.
Given inadequate levels of insulin and increased insulin resistance, hyperglycemia results, papers on diabetes. The incretins are important gut mediators of insulin release, and in the case of GLP-1, of glucagon suppression. Although GIP activity is impaired in those with type 2 DM, GLP-1 insulinotropic effects are preserved, and thus GLP-1 represents a potentially beneficial therapeutic option. Two therapeutic approaches to this problem have been developed: GLP-1 analogues with increased half-lives, and DPP-IV inhibitors, papers on diabetes prevent the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1 as well as GIP.
Studies are ongoing on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of insulin resistance and etiology of type 2 DM.
A majority of individuals suffering from type 2 DM are obese, with central visceral adiposity. Therefore, the adipose tissue plays a papers on diabetes role in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM. These two hypotheses constitute the framework for the study of the interplay between insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 DM as well as between our obesogenic environment and DM risk in the next decade.
Tests for screening and diagnosis of DM are readily available. The test recommended for screening is the same as that for making diagnosis, with the result that a positive screen is equivalent to a diagnosis of pre-diabetes or DM. The ADA recommendations for diagnosis of DM focus on the FPG, while WHO focuses on the OGTT.
However, practicing physicians frequently employ other measures in addition to those recommended. In Julythe International Papers on diabetes Committee IEC recommended the additional diagnostic criteria of an HbA1c result ³6, papers on diabetes.
This committee suggested that the use of the term pre-diabetes may be phased out but identified the range of HbA1c levels ³6. As with the glucose-based tests, there is no definite threshold of HbA1c at which normality ends and DM begins. Through lifestyle and diet modification. Patients with type 2 DM should receive a medical nutrition evaluation; lifestyle recommendations should be tailored according to physical and functional ability.
Biguanides, of which metformin is the most commonly used in overweight and obese patients, suppresses hepatic glucose production, increases insulin sensitivity, enhances glucose uptake by phosphorylating GLUT-enhancer factor, increases fatty acid oxidation, and decreases the absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract. It has a low incidence of hypoglycemia compared to sulfonylureas.
These generally well tolerated but because they stimulate endogenous insulin secretion, they papers on diabetes a risk of hypoglycemia. Repaglinide and nateglinide are non-sulfonylurea secretagogues which act on the ATP-dependent K-channel in the pancreatic beta cells thereby stimulating the release of insulin from the beta cells, similar to sulfonylurea, papers on diabetes, though the binding site is different.
Meglitinides are given before meals for postprandial blood glucose control. Pre-prandial administration allows flexibility in case a meal is missed without increased risk of hypoglycemia. Thiazolidinedione is an insulin sensitizer, selective ligands transcription factor peroxisomes proliferator-activated gamma. They are the first drugs to address the basic problem of insulin resistance in type 2 DM patients, 46 whose class now includes mainly pioglitazone after the restricted use of rosiglitazone recommended by Food and Drug Administration FDA recently due to increased cardiovascular events reported with rosiglitazone, papers on diabetes.
On the other hand, due to concerns regarding peripheral edema, papers on diabetes, fluid retention and fracture risk in women, its use can be limited in older adults with DM.
Pioglitazone should be avoided in elderly patients with congestive heart failure and is contraindicated in patients with class Papers on diabetes heart failure. Acarbose, Voglibose and Miglitol have not widely been used to treat type 2 DM individuals but are likely to be safe and effective.
These agents are most effective for postprandial hyperglycemia and should be avoided in patients with significant renal impairment. Their use is usually limited due to high rates of side-effects such as diarrhoea and flatulence. Glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP-1 analogues are the foundation of incretin-based therapies which are to target this previously unrecognized feature of DM pathophysiology resulting in sustained improvements in glycemic control and improved body weight control.
Examples are Exenatide, an incretin mimetic, and Liraglutide. There is no risk of hypoglycemia with the use of GLP-1 therapies unless combined with insulin secretagogues. In papers on diabetes, emerging evidence suggests incretin-based therapies may have a positive impact on inflammation, cardiovascular and papers on diabetes health, sleep, and the central nervous system. Dipeptidyl-peptidase DPP IV inhibitors inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4 DPP-4a ubiquitous enzyme that rapidly inactivates both GLP-1 and GIP, increase active levels of these hormones and, in doing so, improves islet function and glycemic control in type 2 DM.
They papers on diabetes effective as monotherapy in patients inadequately controlled with diet and exercise and as add-on therapy in combination with metformin, thiazolidinediones, and insulin. The DPP-4 inhibitors are well tolerated, carry a low risk of producing hypoglycemia papers on diabetes are weight neutral. However, they are relatively expensive.
Insulin is used alone or in combination with oral hypoglycemic agents. Augmentation therapy with basal insulin is useful if some beta cell function remains. Replacement of basal-bolus insulin is necessary if beta cell exhaustion occurs. Rescue therapy using replacement is necessary in cases of glucose toxicity which should mimic the normal release of insulin by the beta cells of the pancreas.
The long acting papers on diabetes are less likely to cause hypoglycemia compared to the short acting forms. Insulin therapy was limited in its ability to mimic normal physiologic insulin secretion. Traditional intermediate- and long-acting insulins NPH insulin, lente insulin, and ultralente insulin are limited by inconsistent absorption and peaks of action that may result in hypoglycemia. Currently, two rapid-acting insulin analogues, insulin lispro and insulin aspart, and one long-acting insulin analogue, insulin glargine, are available.
The inhaled form of rapidly acting insulin which became available in55 after it was approved by both the European Medicines Evaluation Agency and FDA for treatment of type 1 and type 2 DM in adults. Studies have however shown that inhaled insulin is as effective as, but not better than short acting insulin. Quick-release bromocriptine has recently been developed for the treatment of type 2 DM. However, the mechanism of action is not clear.
Studies have shown that they reduce the mean HbA1c levels by 0. Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, which increase renal glucose elimination, and inhibitors of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, which reduce the glucocorticoid effects in liver and fat. Insulin-releasing glucokinase activators and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, and metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose output are being assessed for the purpose of development of new drug therapy for type 2 diabetic patients.
Type 2 DM is a metabolic disease that can be prevented through lifestyle modification, diet control, and control of overweight and obesity. Education of the populace is still key to the control of this emerging epidemic.
Novel drugs are being developed, yet no cure is available in sight for the disease, despite new insight into the pathophysiology of the disease. Management should be tailored to improve the quality of life of individuals with type 2 DM. National Center for Biotechnology InformationU. National Library of Medicine Rockville PikeBethesda MDUSA. NCBI Papers on diabetes to main content Skip to navigation Resources How To About NCBI Accesskeys My NCBI Sign in papers on diabetes NCBI Sign Out.
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, time: 14:12Diabetes Essays: Examples, Topics, Titles, & Outlines
Mar 10, · Introduction. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is probably one of the oldest diseases known to man. It was first reported in Egyptian manuscript about years ago.1 In , the distinction between type 1 and type 2 DM was clearly made.2 Type 2 DM was first described as a component of metabolic syndrome in Type 2 DM (formerly known as non-insulin dependent DM) is the most common Cited by: Abstract This capstone paper integrates the current clinical problem of diabetes type I and II in the hospitalized adult and youth patients with the associated QSEN nursing competency of patient centered care by addressing and exploring the following question: Among patients with Diabetes, how does diabetes self-management education programs (DSME) compared with no diabetes self Analysis was done using SPSS software and confidentiality of data was maintained. Result: Prevalence of diabetes was found to be %. A significant % of study subjects were found to be in the pre-hypertensive category. Mean fasting blood sugar was found to
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